Caries is one of the most common diseases on earth, which affects about 95% of the population. This can be caused by many different factors.

The cause of caries are microorganisms present in the hard tissues of the tooth and their metabolic products. In the human oral cavity there is a very large number of microorganisms that multiply very quickly. Even if the teeth are thoroughly cleaned, their number can reach a million in 2-4 hours.

There are conditions that contribute to the development of caries, these are:

• Hereditary predisposition
• The nature of nutrition - features of deficiency of micronutrients, proteins and vitamins
• Gastrointestinal diseases
• Diabetes
• Low immunity

The plaque stage is an early stage in the appearance of caries. A white or pigmented spot appears on the tooth enamel. In this place, the content of calcium, fluorine, phosphorus and other microelements decreases in the enamel. The enamel loses its monotony and shine, and then softens.
Superficial caries - at this time, destructive processes occur only in the enamel.
Developed caries - in this case, the pathological process goes beyond the enamel-dentin border, although it is still far from the root.
Deep caries - when bacteria penetrate deep into the dentin of the tooth and a very thin layer of healthy tooth tissue remains.
If caries is not treated in time, caries can become complicated, manifested by pulpitis (inflammation of the nerve) and / or periodontitis (inflammation of the tissues around the root), which can eventually lead to tooth loss.